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sole markings
Sole marks are sedimentary structures found on the bases of certain strata, that indicate small-scale (usually on the order of centimetres) grooves or irregularities.〔http://course1.winona.edu/csumma/FieldTrips/SedimentaryStructures/sole%5Fmarks/ Sole Marks〕〔Bates, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1984, Dictionary of Geologic Terms〕 This usually occurs at the interface of two differing lithologies and/or grain sizes. They are commonly preserved as casts of these indents on the bottom of the overlying bed (like flute casts). This is similar to casts and molds in fossil preservation. Occurring as they do only at the bottom of beds, and their distinctive shapes, they can make useful way up structures and paleocurrent indicators.〔Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, pg. 55, ISBN 0-7167-2726-9〕
Sole markings are found most commonly in turbidite deposits.
==History==
Sole markings were first recognized in the Devonian rocks of New York State by James Hall, 1843.〔 Originally, the features found on the undersides of beds were called hieroglyphs, fucoids, and bio hieroglyphs, because of their structure and how they were thought to be created; however, the term sole mark is used by geologists at present.〔Pettijohn F. J., and Paul Edwin Potter. Paleocurrents and Basin Analysis. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1977. 157.〕
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